A social learning video method: Identifying and sharing successful transformation knowledge for sustainable soil management in Switzerland

To enhance sustainable land use, a From Farmer to Farmer project was conducted in Switzerland (2001–2010). A multi‐stakeholder discussion group co‐produced nine videos with experienced farmers and wine producers showing sustainable soil management practices. We analysed the video audio‐visual content and drew on reflections of the co‐production process, referring to concepts of system, target and transformation knowledge, as well as on social learning. The analysis showed a broad range of means (or actions) for sustainable soil management in arable land management, fodder production and wine growing that are aligned to transformation knowledge. The research showed that farmers refer to three phases of social learning, light‐bulb moments, coping with challenges and gaining successful expertise. These are not just linear processes of individuals. Four types of social learning were found in the video analysis: (a) learning from observing actions of others, (b) sharing experiences with storytelling, (c) informal social interactions and (d) being a role model with a large social network. Videos enable transformation knowledge to be shared with peers using storytelling; this powerful narrative communication style provides credibility and respects the ‘thought style’ of the target audience group. We conclude that for successful implementation of sustainable actions, it is important to address a specific target group and share their transformation knowledge built upon system and target knowledge. The social learning video method is a viable way to enable social learning between science, administration and practice and has potential for fostering change in sustainable soil management.     

High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.     

年轻群体在公共绿地中的活动参与度调查——以上海浦东新区部分公园为例

公共绿地作为开放空间,公众可以共享自然环境及社会资源。而当下公共绿地中不同群体的参与度存在较大差异,尤其是年轻群体参与度低。笔者以上海浦东新区部分公共绿地中年轻群体活动参与度为研究对象,从年轻群体的低参与度、活动意愿及管理者角度等方面,分析了年轻群体低参与度的原因,认为原因主要是年轻群体缺乏业余时间、绿地可达距离较远、活动内容缺乏等。在调查基础上,从活动载体、信息渠道、服务方式等方面提出建议,主张公共绿地管理者转变服务理念、开拓有益活动、建立信息平台、优化空间资源,以提高社会服务效能。     

Identification of a phytoplasma associated with pomegranate little leaf disease in Iran

During 2012–2014 surveys for the presence of phytoplasma diseases in Fars province (Iran), pomegranate little leaf symptoms were observed in several orchards in Khafr and Neyriz areas. Samples collected from symptomatic plants positively reacted in nested PCR assays using P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs producing the expected 1,250 bp DNA fragments. Real and virtual RFLP analysis showed that the sequences of phytoplasma strains from Khafr and Neyriz (KPLL and NPLL strains, respectively) were identical to each other and belong to 16SrII phytoplasma group, subgroup D. Phylogenetic analysis of the R16F2n⁄R16R2 DNA region confirmed that KPLL and NPLL phytoplasmas were enclosed in the same clade as other 16SrII-D subgroup phytoplasmas. This is the first reported occurrence of a 16SrII phytoplasma infecting pomegranate trees.     

栽培蓝莓菌根侵染特性研究

摘要：为了解贵州省麻江县蓝莓基地菌根侵染情况，采用酸性品红染色法对麻江县3个蓝莓基地的兔眼蓝莓和龙崩基地不同品种的蓝莓进行菌根侵染情况调查，并对其根际土壤进行分析，结果表明：蓝莓菌根比较简单，主要有四种类型：丛枝菌根、杜鹃花类菌根、具柱状囊泡类型的菌根和外生菌根。各样地蓝莓菌根侵染情况不高；不同基地蓝莓菌根侵染率差异不明显（P＞0.05）；不同品种蓝莓菌根侵染率存在显著差异（P＜0.05）；15a生蓝莓菌根侵染率显著高于3～5a生蓝莓（P＜0.05）。蓝莓根系菌根侵染率与土壤P、SOC呈显著正相关（r＞0.9，P＜0.01）、与全K、pH值呈显著负相关（r＜-0.89，P＜0.01）。     

不同药肥对香瓜土壤线虫群落的影响

通过施用不同药肥，研究其对香瓜根际线虫数量、土壤线虫群落的影响。结果表明，阿维?噻唑磷颗粒剂、复合芽孢杆菌水剂＋氨基酸、复合芽孢杆菌水剂、石灰氮、木霉菌能降低盆栽香瓜根际土壤线虫总数、植物寄生性、杂食性线虫、食真菌类线虫、捕食类线虫，其中对杂食性线虫的影响最大。从不同药肥处理对根结线虫数量的影响和防效来看，复合芽孢杆＋氨基酸处理和阿维?噻唑磷、石灰氮处理均取得不错的防治效果，平均防治效果为58.34%～100%，但三者之间差异不显著。从农产品质量安全和生态安全的角度出发，复合芽孢杆＋氨基酸具有更广阔的应用     

从协同教育看日本文学精品课程群的建立

日本文学课程作为日语专业高年级阶段课程,在日语专业人才培养中占有重要地位。文章拟从协同教育理论角度出发,探讨日本文学精品课程群的创建模式,旨在为日益繁盛的日本文学课程教学改革模式研究提供可行性参考。     

吉育系列大豆品种生育期组的划分研究

为明确吉育系列大豆品种的生育期组(maturity group,MG)归属,促进不同区域间的科学引种,以15份美国大豆生育期组标准品种为对照,采用以对照品种的生育日数为参照标准和以品种的活动积温为划分标准两种方法,于2013和2014年对95份新近选育的吉育系列大豆品种进行了生育期组划分研究。结果表明:吉育系列品种生育期组介于MG0~MGⅢ组之间,居MGⅡ组的品种最多,MGⅢ组的品种最少。有89份参试材料按两种划分方法结果一致,占参试材料的93.7%;有6份参试材料的两种划分方法结果不在同一组内,占参试材料的6.3%。通过比较各生育期组品种在R1、R7和R8期的持续天数表现,验证了生育期组划分的正确性。综合两年试验结果发现,适宜吉林省大面积种植的早熟、中早熟大豆品种主要归属于MG0和MGⅠ组,中熟、中晚熟品种主要归属于MGⅡ。此研究结果为完善中国大豆生育期组划分系统和实现大豆品种布局的科学化与标准化提供了技术依据。     

东北大豆种质群体在克山的表现及其潜在的育种意义

东北是我国大豆的主要生态区,克山是东北北部重要产区。本研究于2012-2014年,以搜集到的东北地区各单位现存的361份大豆地方品种和育成品种作为东北现存的本地种质,观察该群体在克山地区的表现,研究其在克山的潜在育种意义。获得以下主要结果:(1)东北大豆种质群体平均表现为全生育期133 d(103.8~157.0 d)、蛋白质含量39.69%(35.6%~44.38%)、油脂含量20.58%(17.47%~22.84%)、蛋脂总量60.27%(54.00%~63.97%)、百粒重17.61 g(6.13~28.17 g)、株高约96 cm(54.92~146.8 cm)、主茎19节(11.23~25.83)、分枝2.75个(0.22~7.63)、倒伏2级左右(1.00~4.00);(2)当地适合熟期组为MG 0和MG I,各性状的平均值与群体平均相近,其它熟期组在当地的表现与之不同。MG 000和MG 00的生育天数集中在110~120 d,比当地无霜期早约10~20 d,不能充分利用当地的自然条件;而品质性状表现则略优于MG 0和MG I,特别是油脂含量和蛋脂总量分别高约1%、1.5%;株高、节数均低于MG 0和MG I,分别低约10~40 cm、2~8节。MG II的生育天数在当地高达150 d,不能稳定正常成熟,不适合当地种植;品质性状表现低于当地品种水平,特别是蛋白质、蛋脂总量均低约2%,油脂低约0.5%;而株高、节数高于当地品种,分别高约10 cm、2节,倒伏程度则高达3级。MG III在克山不能正常成熟,导致其它性状表达不正常,生长量和倒伏度增加;(3)根据各农艺品质性状在克山表现的遗传进度估计,虽然油脂和蛋白质含量相对小些,但均有一定的改良潜力。克山地区利用东北大豆资源育成了许多适于东北北部的优异品种,体现了东北种质的重要作用。根据当地品种的表现,从供试的东北资源中提出了各农艺、品质性状改良可用的亲本品种名单,供育种工作者参考。     

Effect of xeroderma pigmentosum group D gene on proliferation of human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells induced by Ox-LDL

AIM: To investigate the effects of xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene on the proliferation of human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs) induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). METHODS: The recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N2/XPD was transfected into HUASMCs by liposome. The cells were divided into blank control group, pEGFP-N2 group, pEGFP-N2/XPD group, Ox-LDL group, Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2 group and Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD group. The proliferation rate of the cells was detected by MTT and EdU assays. The apoptotic rate and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein levels of XPD, caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with blank control group, the expression of XPD was increased in pEGFP-N2/XPD group (P<0.05). According to the results of MTT and EdU assays, the cell proliferation in pEGFP-N2/XPD group was reduced compared with blank control group (P<0.05). Compared with Ox-LDL group, the cell proliferation in Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD group was significantly inhibited (P<0.05). According to the results of flow cytometry, the cell proportion of S phase decreased and the G₀/G₁-phase cell proportion increased significantly in pEGFP-N2/XPD group and Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD group compared with blank control group and Ox-LDL group, repectively (P<0.05). Compared with blank control group and Ox-LDL group, the protein level of Bcl-2 decreased and the protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 increased in pEGFP-N2/XPD group and Ox-LDL+pEGFP-N2/XPD group, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: XPD inhibits the proliferation of HUASMCs and promotes their apoptosis, and reduces the promoting effect of Ox-LDL on the proliferation of HUVSMCs. XPD may be the target for treatment of atherosclerosis.